This document provides a summary of Spanish grammar topics organized in sections. It includes the following: common verbs and expressions (ser, estar, hacer), verb conjugations (gustar, preterite, imperfect), irregular verbs, reflexive verbs, uses of se, future tense forms, commands, modal verbs, and the differences between saber and conocer. The document is intended as a reference guide for learning essential Spanish grammar concepts.

1. Grammar Book Ana Buckner

2. Table of Contents Ser Estar Hacer Expressions Verbs like gustar Preterite Trigger Words Car, Gar, Zar Spock Verbs Snakes Snakeys DOPs Commands Irregulars Iops Se Impersonal Past Participles as Adjectives El futuro Ir + a + infinitive Demonstrative adjectives Demonstrative pronouns Imperfect tense Los Mandatos Modal verbs Reflexives Saber vs. Conocer

3. Ser ¿Que Es? ¿De dóndees? ¿Como es? ¿Quehoraes? ¿Quehace? SER ¿Quienes? ¿De quienes? ¿Cuando/dondees? ¿Quediaeshoy?

4. ¿Como Estas? Estar ¿Como Estas? ¿DondeEstas? ESTAR ¿Como Esta? ¿QueEstasHaciendo? ar – ando er/ir- endo -yendo

5. Hacer Expressions Present tense Since and for Preterite tense ago Hace+time+que+verb Hacetresdíasquetieneproblemas con pelo de chico borracho

6. Verbs like Gustar Me gusta Prince Royce <3

7. Preterite A definite time in the past with a beginning and/or ending Estoes el preterito! Preterite Song

8. Trigger Words Ayer: yesterday Anteayer: day before yesterday A lasocho: at 8 o’clock El miercoles: on Wednesday El día anterior: the day before El lunespasado: last Monday El fin de semanapasado: last weekend Ayer por la mañana: yesterday morning El otrodía: the other day Unavez: one time/once Estatarde: this afternoon Estanoche: tonight Estonces: then Desde el primer momento: from the first moment Durante dos siglos: during two centuries En esemomento: in that moment/then Hace dos días: two days ago..

9. Car, gar, zar Irregulars Comenzar Tocar To touch To begin Jugar To play

10. Spock Verbs Stay in the same conjugation SER Share the same ending IR DAR VER By itself HACER

11. Examples IR DAR SER To go To give To be VER HACER To see To do/make

12. Cucaracha Verbs Andar- aduv Estar- estuv Poder- pud Poner- pus Querer- quis Saber- sup Tener- tuv Venir- vin Conducir-conduj Producir- produj Traducir- traduj Decir- dij Traer- traj

13. Snakes Changes to “I” in 3rd person Changes to “u” in 3rd person EL JEFE

14. Snakeys Stem changing verbs in preterite. Verbs such as leer, creer, and oir change from I to y in 3rd person. creÍcreÍmos creÍstecreÍsteis Creyócreyeron oÍoÍmos oÍsteoÍsteis Oyóoyeron leÍleÍmos leÍsteleÍsteis Leyóleyeron leio Can’t have 3 vowels together!

15. DOPs Answers the question what is receiving the direct action of the verb. DOPs are : lo, la, los, las, me, te, nos, se You have to have a DOP in order to have an IOP, but in a sentence the DOP goes after the IOP. DOPs can hook onto verb in ONLY three instances: Infinitive Voy a comerlo 2. Affirmative commands ¡Bébala! 3. Gerunds/present progressive EstoyComiéndolo

16. Commands DOP + IOP can attach to an affirmative command DOP + IOP must go before the negative command ar e er/ir a

17. Irregulars T V D I S H E S engo- tenga enir- venga ar- dé r- vaya er- sea acer- haga star- esté aber- sepa

18. IOPs Answers to questions of to whom or for whom To have an IOP you must first have a DOP I gave it to her. DOP IOP verb Se lo di

19. Se Impersonal Use ‘se’ to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb. When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person. Se can be used in all tenses Se vendefruta en la frutería. Aquí se hablaespañol. Se hizo mucho. Se hará mucho. Se habíahecho.

20. Past Participles as Adjectives Past Participles as adjectives conjugations is like when conjugating a verb. For this process, take off the ending and attach –ado or –ido, depending on if it is an –ar, -er, or –ir verb.

22. poner(to put) - puesto (put)

23. resolver (to resolve) - resuelto (resolved)

24. romper (to break) - roto (broken)

25. ver (to see) - visto (seen)

27. IrReGuLaRsdElFuTuRo Decir->dir Salir->saldr Hacer->har Saber->sabr Querer-> querr Poder-> podr Valer->valdr Salir->saldr Venir->vendr Poner->pondr

28. Ir+a+infinitive Yovoy a viajar a España. Included in el futuro! Use this when you are going to do something!

29. Demonstrative Adjectives Put in front of the noun it modifies.

30. Imperfect Tense The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly. The imperfect tense is also used to refer to actions in the past that occurred over an extended period of time. I used to walk every day.Yocaminabacadadía. I used to eat paella frequently.Yocomíafrecuentemente paella.

31. Los MandatosFormales For –ar : -Conjugate to yoform -Drop –o and add -e For –er : -Conjugate to yo form -Drop -o and add –a For –ir : -Conjugate to yo form -Drop -o and add –a

32. Los MandatosInformales Affirmative: (hablar- ar + a = habla)(comer - er + e = come)(escribir - ir + e = escribe) Negative: No cuentestusbeneficios.Don't count your blessings. No hablesmás lentamente.Don't speak more slowly

33. MODAL VERBS

34. Reflexives CAN BE: -in front of the conjugated verb -attached to the infinitive -attached to the present participle -attached to an affirmative command SYLLABIFICATION: Reflexive pronouns change it so you must add an accent mark in the proper location!

35. Saber vs. Conocer Saber means to know a fact or to know how to do something. It is often followed by an infinitive or a subordinate clause. Conocer means to know someone or to be familiar with someone, something, or somewhere. It can only be followed by the a direct object, never by an infinitive or a subordinate clause